The Constitution of the Republic of Korea acknowledges that all citizens ‘shall have an equal right to receive an education corresponding to their abilities’ and gives the state a duty to ‘promote lifelong education’. Lifelong learning (LLL) is implemented across national and local levels. The 1999 Lifelong Education Act establishes that all levels of government are responsible for promoting lifelong education policies that provide all citizens with opportunities to participate in lifelong education. The Act also requires the Ministry of Education to develop a comprehensive lifelong education promotion plan every five years at the national level, setting mid- and long-term policy objectives and the basic direction of lifelong learning promotion.

Lifelong learning is a part of the Norwegian government’s policy, inspired by the European Commission, OECD and other international organizations. Lifelong learning is an important principle in Norwegian education policy. The goal is to allow all Norwegians to get an education and develop their skills throughout their whole life. Lifelong learning is considered a way to increase the individual’s life quality and to provide greater economic growth and flexibility in the workplace (EURYDICE, 2019).

Vietnam Association for Promoting Education (VAPE) contributes to the nation’s socialization in education, intellect, human resource training and talent fostering for industrialization and modernization (Columbia Southern University, 2017).

Ethiopia currently hosts over 900,000 refugees, primarily from neighbouring South Sudan, Somalia, Sudan and Eritrea, as well as smaller numbers of refugees from Yemen and the Syrian Arab Republic. On 17 January 2019, Ethiopia’s parliament adopted revisions on its existing refugee law; the revised policy offers a more comprehensive response to displacement in which refugees are included in national services like health and education, rather than setting up parallel systems. It also focuses on ensuring refugees have the opportunity to be self-reliant and can contribute to local economies in a way that also benefits their hosts (UNHCR, 2019). The amendment derived from the need for a comprehensive legal framework in compliance with international standards, one that contains rights and entitlements embodied in the International Conventions, provides better protection of refugees and promotes sustainable solutions (Ethiopia Refugee Proclamation, 2019).

The Global Report on Adult Learning and Education (GRALE) is a monitoring tool built to track the Belém Framework for Action (BFA), adopted by 144 UNESCO Member States at the Sixth International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI) in 2009.